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Teens Decreasing Morality EssaySome aspects of example values among university students in three societies Poland, Australia and the Philippines J.J. Smolicz, D.M. Hudson and M.J. Secombe1 Graduate School of Education, Adelaide UniversityThe physical composition reports the findings from a comparative education of chaste values undertaken among university students from five universities in the Philippines, Poland and Australia. The aim of the study was to compare the manner students brought up in divers(prenominal) cultural usances, but subjected to the homogenizing trends of globalization, evaluated what they deemed as the most appropriate solutions to some of the basic life dilemmas facing individuals today. The respondents were elderberry bush undergraduate and postgraduate students drawn from education and social science faculties in dickens independent Catholic and three secular read universities. A total of 448 students participated in the study, with 80 to 100 students originating from distributively university.This paper presents a detailed analysis of one example from each of three categories of example dilemmas, in which students were asked to state their position in relation to twelve issues including stillbirth, extramarital affairs and stealing. In addition to providing concrete data on themselves, students indicated whether they believed the actions listed were wrong, acceptable or dependent on circum situations. The students responses to the issues showed a generally consistent position for each university along a value orientation course continuum ranging from tralatitious Christian to Post-modern Individualist. The degree of keep for Traditional Christian values varied, however, from issue to issue according to the university and country under investigation. deterrent exampleistic values miscarriage infidelity stealing tertiary students international.INTRODUCTIONAs a result of global secular influences, it could be expe cted that responses to object lesson dilemmas would have become more uniform across assorted cultural and heathenish and ghostlike conclaves. In order to ascertain each possible modification to or rejection of conventionalistic moral values crossculturally, the study sought the views of young people who were university students in three different countries and in universes with different ideological profiles. The researchers had access to the collection of comparable data in Poland, the Philippines and Australia countries real different in their regions, cultures and histories. It should be stressed that the study did not aim to take the form of a statistical analysis of variables to testify a pre-established hypothesis which could lead to both predictions for a wider population.This comparative study was not funded by any organisation, but was the result of co-operative efforts among colleagues in the three countries concerned. The authors, in particular, would like to express their gratitude to Ms Monika Koniecko, Professor Elzbieta Halas, Dr Illuminado Nical, Ms Susana Manzon and Mr Robert de la Serna for the contribution they have made to the data collection and analysis of this paper.The theoretical framework of the study is found on the humanistic sociological conceptualization of Znaniecki, in which the term moral values refers to the meanings which group members are expected to accept as a guide to right and proper conduct and the route in which they should act in their daily life. Znaniecki (1963 267-70) draws an important theoretical distinction between the ideological attitudes which individuals affect in terms of the religious and moral values of their group, and the tendencies to action which these same individuals reveal in the precise contexts of daily life. UNIVERSITY PROFILES Data were gathered from a total of 448 respondents, drawn from five different universities. The matter in each institution ranged from 80 to 109 (80 in Leyte and Adelaide 89 in capital of Poland 90 in UAP and 109 in KUL).In Poland, the student respondents were drawn from deuce universities. One of these can be regarded as firmly perform within the Catholic tradition. In 1918 the Catholic Church established the Catholic University of Lublin (KUL) as a privately funded institution in a provincial centre in the east-central part of Poland. Over the utmost of Communist rule, it functioned as the bastion of Catholic religious and moral values in Poland. Today it is a medium-sized university with faculties reflecting its religious base Theology, Canon and Civil Law, Christian Philosophy, Humanities, and Social Sciences as well as work institutes in Polish Church History, Higher Religious Education and Migration. Many of its students have gone to the priesthood and a variety of leadership positions in the Church and society at large. The second Polish university which provided respondents for this study was Warsaw.A state institution, originally founded in the early nineteenth century, Warsaw is a very large university, with a full range of humanities, social science and natural science faculties. Its position in the heart of a capital metropolis, renowned for its gamey culture in music, art, literature and the theatre, yet traditionally strongly linked to the Polish Catholic Church, has had an important influence on its ethos in providing access to moral values based in the Catholic tradition, as well as its more atheistic, anti-clerical counter-tradition. Two other groups of respondents were drawn from universities in the Philippines. One set was provided by the University of Asia and the Pacific (UAP), which is a private university in Manila, established by the penning Dei order of the Catholic Church. Its ethos reflects the Opus Dei dedication to Catholic spirituality and emphasis on intellectual, political. educational and business leadership.It is best known for its high profile research specialisations in economics, political economy and business management, as well as its undergraduate College of Arts and Sciences. Its fee-paying structure and high entrance standards make it an lite institution, both(prenominal) socially and academically, and its total enrolment of almost two thousand students is still comparatively small. The second Philippines institution from which respondents were drawn was the provincial state university at Tacloban on the island of Leyte in the eastern Visayas. The Leyte Institute of Technology ( light up) sees its consumption as providing for the practical educational needs of the surrounding community which has keep a strong commission to Catholic values reflecting the local community.It offers degrees in vocational disciplines, applied science and technology and teacher education, with a particular emphasis on post-graduate studies in education. At present time there are around s heretofore thousand students enrolled at the Leyte Institute. The tw o universities in the Philippines were chosen to provide contrasting communities within the boilersuit Catholic ethos of the country. UAP could be regarded as an intellectual centre closest to the teachings of the magisterium of the Church. Opus Dei is rightly regarded as a bastion of traditional Catholic teaching because it has scrupulously upheld the full and undiluted doctrine of the church. LIT, in contrast, is a comparatively small regional university, chosen because it had no metropolitan glitter about it, was state-run and attracted a technically point clientele from financially and socially modest homes, in one of the poorest provinces of the country.The strong Catholic orientation of the Philippines was very apparent, however, in that seminars were normally begun with a prayer and Catholic feast days were regularly observed, even though it was a state university. For the Australian section of the study, respondents were drawn from Adelaide University, which was established as a habitual institution in the late nineteenth century, the third oldest university in Australia. Situated in the capital city of the state of South Australia, it offers a wide range of degrees across the disciplines of science, agriculture, engineering, the professions, economics, music, humanities and social sciences.The student consistency currently numbers close to thirteen and a half thousand. Like most g everyplacenment-funded educational institutions in Australia, Adelaide University is strongly secular in ethos and has traditionally regarded religion and theology as sectarian pursuits, inappropriate for university students, composition its philosophy department has been openly atheistic (Duncan and Leonard, 1974). The students participating in the study came from the Graduate School of Education. Poland and the Philippines, the two predominantly Catholiccountries investigated in this study, both inherited a strong Catholic tradition anchored in the post-Tridentum spiri t. The respondents from the four Polish and Filipino universities who claimed to be Catholic (over 80%) would formally be expected to up dare the religious and moral values prescribed by their church and know that any deviation would be regarded as a sin. Evidence on which values were being rejected or regarded more relativistically and how frequently constitutes worth(predicate) information on changes taking place in moral values in countries which have long been regarded as strongholds of Catholicism.METHOD Student participants from the five universities were asked to complete a questionnaire on their religious and moral beliefs. For students in the Philippines and Australia the questionnaire was in English, but a Polish version was used for the respondents from Poland. Some questions were designed to gather concrete data concerning the respondents background gender, age, language use, level of parental education and religious affiliation. at that place was also a series of que stions to gather cultural data i.e. these were concerned with the students beliefs and moral perceptions and other attitudes in relation to the moral/religious convictions among them.Responses to Specific Moral exposesWhen presented with moral issues which epitomized contemporary moral dilemmas, participants were asked to indicate whether they agree that action concerned was wrong whether its moral status depended on the situation or whether they considered the action not wrong. The range of responses available was Considered Wrong Situation dependent Not wrong No opinionThe questions and responses were frankincense deliberately framed in terms of the maintenance of traditional moral values. Data were initially summarized in frequency distributions for each university. Of the twelve situations presented to the respondents, one example from each category of issues will be discussed. that is to say Abortion classified as a life history and Death issueAbortion A Life and Death IssueThis issue proved important in the analysis because of the polarisation of data. There was a clear distinction between the percentage of responses which considered abortion to be wrong from the three Catholic point universities, including LIT, and the two more secular ones. Traditional moral values on abortion were strongly maintained on this issue especially at the three Catholic oriented universities UAP (93%), KUL( 80%) and LIT (74%) trance in Warsaw (49%) only half gave indicate of supporting these values. Even lower, the Adelaide figure of 25% who considered abortion to be wrong, could be seen to reflect a society where abortion is legally available, virtually on contain. In the case of responses rejecting traditional values, Adelaide respondents (44%) stood out as having the highest percentage of rejectors of traditional values.Warsaw (12%) is aligned with LIT on 15% in this response an indication of practically lower rejection among students who lived in predomina ntly Catholic societies, than the secular society of Adelaide which largely accepted abortion. Abortion was an issue of debate, depending on the situation, for students from Adelaide (30%) and Warsaw (34%) rather than for the three Catholic-oriented universities LIT (4%), UAP (6%) and KUL (14%). These students were upholding the traditional Catholic teachings. The situational response indicated that some students considered an issue was neither right nor wrong in itself. If they had distrusts about it, they could choose this option to record individual responses .Extra-Marital Affairs A Sex and Marriage IssueThere was a marked crossroad of responses in relation to this issue. The majority of students from all five universities hold in maintaining traditional opposition to such actions UAP were unanimous on 99%. Warsaw(70%) and Adelaide (69%) showed a similar stance in opposing this issue. In this regard, Warsaw and Adelaide respondents almost matched the frequency levels from LIT at 73% and KUL at 85%. The ranking of the university responses is similar to the previous issue, abortion, but there is general consensus. The responses on the upholding of traditional moral values had their mirror image in the data showing rejection of such values.There was strong evidence of less acceptance for extramarital affairs at Warsaw (1%) and Adelaide (5%) where responses to this option were at a very low level, comparable to UAP(1%) and KUL (1%). The respondents at LIT (14%) showed some approval of the issue but the number was relatively small. The third response option, reflecting a more situational approach, was valuable in highlighting issues where there was a high degree of ambiguity or uncertainty. Low scores, in contrast, raiseed that the respondents in the group concerned had made up their minds to be either upholders or rejectors of traditional morality. The relativistic view was comparatively high and shared by as many as 26% from Warsaw and 23% from Adelaide i ndicating the doubts some students expressed depending on the situation. thieving A Human Relations IssueThe issue of stealing was also striking in the way a large degree of consensus was displayed among students from all universities but the pattern of response differed markedly from those shown for the other two issues. Stealing provoke the highest response of moral rectitude with over 70% of students in all universities and over 80% in three of them considering stealing as wrong. Stealing was also the issue which elicited the highest level of support for any traditional value among Warsaw students (87%). With a corresponding figure of 82% at KUL, stealing seems to evoke a particularly strong sense of wrong among Polish students. It is kindle to note that UAP students, who were the highest upholders of moral values on virtually all other issues, were below Warsaw at 81% in the case of stealing.Adelaide students with their dualProtestant and secularist orientations, also demonstr ated greater address of stealing as wrong, than for any other issue (74%). At Adelaide 41% of respondents indicated that they belonged to one of the Protestant denominations whilst 30% claimed that they had no religion a response which did not occur at all in any of the other groups of participants. The remarkable unanimity of responses for this issue from students at all universities was also seen in the complementary rejection of traditional values, in that only very few claimed outright that stealing was not wrong. Only LIT showed a relatively high proportion of those rejecting traditional values, amounting to 14%. In contrast, while on most moral issues Warsaw and Adelaide displayed a high degree of permissiveness, Adelaide showed no more than 4% of respondents, and Warsaw had no-one who condoned stealing. The figures for KUL and UAP were minimal 3 and 2%.Overall stealing was not acceptable as an issue. The minimal number of students at Warsaw and KUL, UAP and Adelaide who op enly condoned stealing has to be considered alongside the proportion who expressed relativistic attitudes by indication that their perspicaciousness of whether stealing was wrong or not wrong would depend on the circumstances. Respondents from Adelaide (21%) and UAP (17%) expressed some doubt in relation to stealing which was somewhat higher than Warsaw (12%) and KUL (16%). The figure for LIT was as low as 6% which reflects the pattern for all universities as seeing stealing as wrong. These findings suggest that moral issues in social relationships are not necessarily seen to be tied directly to Christian beliefs, despite their specific prohibition in the Ten Commandments.Findings raise questions such as Is stealing related to established legal rather than moral codes? For some Protestants, what constitutes sin and restitution for sin becomes very much more a matter for the individual conscience and there is a greater tendency to postulate relativistic attitudes where what consti tutes right and wrong depends on personal judgement of the situation. CONCLUSIONS The various responses to these three issues provide valuable information on the relative holding power of Christian (mainly Catholic) beliefs in Poland and the Philippines when compared with mainly Protestant (or scrupulously indifferent) Australia. The responses also throw light on differences among the various moral values examined, in the extent of their support or rejection.In the three predominantly Catholic universities (UAP, LIT and KUL), traditional Christian values continue to be upheld for abortion in the life and death issue. In the two universities where there has been a tradition of secularist values, there is a much greater rejection of traditional moral values, together with a substantial number of those with a relativistic orientation expressing an essentially ambiguous stance. One issue on which Warsaw and Adelaide marry forces with the Catholic oriented University is on the issue of extra-marital affairs, a Sex and Marriage Issue, with about two third of responses upholding a traditional negative view of such practices.This particular value appears to hold no relationship to Christian religious belief or non-belief, assuming a virtually universalist dimension. The same situation apprears to hold for the social relationship issue stealing. Responses from students in all five universities prefer the upholding of traditional moral values for this issue which is considered more frequently wrong by Warsaw students than by respondents from all other universities. There is a minimal rejection of the traditional norms that condemn stealing.It is the rejection of certain moral propositions when the respondents openly admit that certain actions which are contrary to traditional morality are no chronic wrong which put them in conflict with the religious authority to which they officially subscribe. What is clear is that some of the traditional values are changing with in the orbit of particular Christian denominations. The results suggest that believers display a spirit of selectivity among moral values showing traditional disapproval for certain actions, while revealing a proclivity for greater permissiveness in relation to others. The issue of abortion shows that in the Catholic oriented universities, there is little evidence of collapse of traditional values and that globalization trends have not severely undermined other traditional values. The other two moral issues discussed, extra-marital affairs and stealing, where there is a greater convergence of responses, can be viewed as highlighting more universalistic values which appear to go beyond the confines of any particular religious belief.REFERENCESAndres, T. D. (1980) Understanding Values. Quezon City New Day Publishers. Blumer, H. (1939) Critiques of Research in the Social Sciences I Appraisal of Thomas and Znanieckis The Polish Peasant in Europe and the States. New York Social Science Research Council. Duncan, W.G.K. and Leonard, R.A. (1974) The University of Adelaide. Adelaide Rigby. Ossowska, M. (1985) Normy Moralne Proba Systematyzacji. P.W.N. Warszawa. Smolicz, J.J. (1997) In Search of a Multicultural Nation, in R. J. Watts and J.J.Smolicz (eds), ethnical Democracy and Ethnic Pluralism Multicultural and Multilingual Policies in Education. Frankfurt am Main Peter Lang. Smolicz, J.J. (1999) On Education and Culture. (M.J. Secombe and J. 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